Kathmandu Travel Guide

Why? A holiday in Kathmandu is now easy to arrange, but this fabled city was once one of the world's most inaccessible destinations. Travel to Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, to start expeditions into the rest of the country and to experience this beautifully sited city with its traditional old city and fascinating Bhuddist and Hindu culture.When? The best months to visit Kathmandu for a holiday are October/November and March/April, when the weather is warm and largely sunny, and the air is crisp and clear. Winters (November to February) are exceedingly cold, while early summer (May and June) is swelteringly hot and humid. Monsoon rains drench the city between June and September.

Who for? A holiday in Kathmandu attracts mainly independent travellers intent on undertaking adventure trips in Nepal like trekking, rafting and mountain climbing. The city has a range of accommodation for all budgets, and plenty of restaurants in its Thamel tourist district, and is thus able to cater for all sorts of modern travellers.More Info: A host of useful background information and details of attractions of excursions required for a holiday in Kathmandu is contained in our comprehensive Kathmandu travel guide, which can be printed out or emailed. The guide also gives the run down on essential facts for travel to Kathmandu, like entry requirements, foreign exchange, safety and health.

Kathmandu Overview

Presided over by snow-covered mountains, the Kathmandu Valley is surrounded by verdant agricultural hills scattered with traditional villages and brick houses, rich in ancient holy temples and shrines used by both Buddhists and Hindu worshippers reflecting a great wealth of culture and tradition. Most of the country's ethnic groups are represented in the Valley, particularly in Kathmandu itself, but it is the Newars who are the original inhabitants responsible for development and the splendid art and architecture in the cities.

The Valley is the cultural, political and commercial centre of Nepal and encompasses three cities: Kathmandu the capital; Patan, which has been enveloped by the growing Kathmandu outskirts; and the medieval city of Bhaktapur. For the unprepared visitor, the capital city of Kathmandu can trigger a sensory overload - it is a heaving city of both intriguing and unpleasant smells, incessant noise and pollution, and sights that etch themselves on the memory. Cows wander the streets of the old city, stepping between steaming piles of rubbish and hooting taxis, and narrow alleyways overflow with spices, vegetables and handicraft shops. Throngs of people thread their way along bustling cobblestone streets lined with structures from an ancient architectural heritage, which lead onto open squares surrounded by temples of all shapes and sizes. The largest city in Nepal and the nation's historical centre, Kathmandu throws together a blend of the country's varied population and boasts a distinctive, age-old religious influence visible in the daily life of its inhabitants.

Fascinating as this city is however, many people choose to stay outside Kathmandu in one of the Valley towns or mountain resorts and restrict their visit to day trips; or they base themselves in the tourist-orientated Thamel district of the city that offers modern bakeries, smart hotels and upmarket restaurants, along with pushy handicraft and cannabis sellers.

Kathmandu Basics

Time: Local time is GMT +5.45.

Electricity: Electrical current is 220 volts, 50Hz. Round two- and three-pin plugs are used.Money: The official currency is Nepali Rupee (NPR), which is divided into 100 paisa. As change can be a problem it is recommended that visitors have a supply of small notes handy. Tourist activities are often quoted in US Dollars and it is advisable to carry new dollar bills in varied denominations. Both Euro and US dollar travellers cheques are widely accepted in tourist areas and can be cashed easily in most banks and major hotels throughout the country. There are ATMs in Kathmandu and Pokhara. Visa, MasterCard and American Express credit cards are accepted in many tourist hotels, shops, restaurants and travel agencies. Banks and moneychangers are present in all tourist places and in the major cities; all receipts from foreign exchange transactions should be kept so rupees can be exchanged back into foreign currencies on departure. Cash is needed when trekking.

Language: Nepali is the official language. English is spoken in all major tourist areas.

Entry requirements for Americans: United States citizens must have a passport and visa

Entry requirements for UK nationals: British citizens must have a passport and visa.

Entry requirements for Canadians: Canadians must have a passport and visa.

Entry requirements for Australians: Australians must have a passport and visa.

Entry requirements for South Africans: South Africans must have a passport and visa.

Entry requirements for Irish nationals: Irish citizens must have a passport and visa.

Entry requirements for New Zealand nationals: New Zealand citizens must have a passport and visa.

Passport/Visa Note: Tourist visas can be issued on arrival. A 60-day visa costs US$30 and a 150-day/multiple-entry visa costs US$80. Tourist visas are valid for Kathmandu Valley, Pokhara Valley and Tiger Tops in Chitwan; visitors intending to trek or visit other areas should obtain a permit from the Central Immigration Office. Embassy or Consulate in US: Royal Nepalese Embassy, Washington DC, United States (also responsible for Canada): +1 202 667 4550.

Embassy or Consulate in UK: Royal Nepalese Embassy, London, United Kingdom (also responsible for Ireland): +44 (0)20 7229 1594/6231.

Embassy or Consulate in Canada: Embassy or Consulate in Australia: Royal Nepalese Embassy, Tokyo, Japan (also responsible for Australia and New Zealand): +81 (0)3 3705 5558.

Embassy or Consulate in South Africa: Royal Nepalese Embassy, Cairo, Egypt (also responsible for South Africa): +20 (0)2 361 6590.

US Embassy or Consulate: United States Embassy, Kathmandu: +977 (0)1 441 1179.

UK Embassy or Consulate: British Embassy, Kathmandu: +977 (0)1 441 0583.

Canadian Embassy or Consulate: Canadian High Commission, New Delhi, India (also responsible for Nepal): +91 (11) 4178-2000.

Australian Embassy or Consulate: Australian Embassy, Kathmandu: +977 (0)1 4371 678. South African Embassy or Consulate: South African High Commission, New Delhi, India (also responsible for Nepal): +91 (0)11 2614 9411.

Health:

Vaccinations for hepatitis A and B, meningitis, rabies and typhoid are recommended. Travellers arriving from infected areas require a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Altitude sickness is a real risk for trekkers. There is a risk of malaria between June and September in the low-lying areas including Chitwan National Park, but not in the common trekking areas. Outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis occur annually, particularly between July and December; vaccination is advised. Cholera outbreaks occur and food and water precautions should be followed. Untreated water should be avoided; visitors can buy bottled water or purify their own. When trekking it is preferable to treat river water rather than leaving a trail of plastic bottles behind; purifying water with iodine is the cheapest and easiest way to treat water. Stomach upsets are likely to be the most common cause of illness in travellers to Nepal; food in tourist restaurants or 'Western' food should be treated with caution as it is often reheated or left to stand out, and drinks or salads can contain ice or have ingredients washed in dirty water. Many trekkers may suffer from altitude sickness above 8,202ft (2,500m); if symptoms persist it is wise to descend as quickly as possible. Standard of care in hospitals varies, but there are traveller's clinics in Kathmandu and numerous pharmacies in the major towns. Medical insurance is essential, which should include air evacuation.

Tipping:

Restaurants and hotels may add 10% to bills in which case no further tip is required; otherwise a 10% tip is customary in places that cater to tourists. It is customary to tip guides and porters on treks. Elsewhere it is not customary to tip, but gratuities are always appreciated. Safety: On 1 February 2005 the king dismissed the government, assuming direct control of the country. In April 2006 he finally agreed to give up his power following weeks of violent protests by political parties and the Maoists. The Maoists extended their truce in a bid to support peace talks between themselves and the government, and on 21 November 2006 reached agreements on major issues in the peace process negotiations; an interim government was formed on 1 April 2007. Both sides have agreed to a UN monitored permanent ceasefire, however, the security situation is still uncertain and anyone travelling to Nepal, and particularly to Kathmandu, should be aware that the situation could change rapidly. Violent incidents, including bombings, have continued in 2007 despite the cease-fire. Demonstrations and public gatherings should be avoided, as there is still a high risk of violence. Further rallies and demonstrations are likely to take place in the run up to the elections planned for November 2007. Due to previous bomb attacks and shootings in public places, including the main tourist areas of Kathmandu, Pokhara and Lukla, as well as on popular trekking routes, visitors are warned to be particularly vigilant; foreign tourists have been involved in several incidents. Foreigners have been the target of recent attacks in the Thamel district of Kathmandu, and are advised to be cautious after dark and to stay in a group if in the area at night. There have been incidences of violent robbery against trekkers and there is an armed Maoist presence on many of the major trekking routes who demand a 'tax' before allowing trekkers to pass. Trekkers are advised to stay on established routes and walk in a group or with professional guides. Foreigners were seriously injured in two attacks in the Nagarjun Forest Reserve just outside Kathmandu in October 2005 and visitors are advised to be cautious in the area and to travel in a group.

Customs:

Nepal has numerous cultural practices that are unusual to foreigners. In the tourist areas there is a high degree of tolerance towards visitors, but away from these places foreigners should be sensitive to local customs. Never accept or offer anything, or eat with the left hand. Do not eat from someone else's plate or offer food from one's own. Women should dress conservatively and cover as much as possible. Permission should be sought before taking photographs, particularly at religious sites. Public displays of affection between men and women are frowned upon.

Business:

The Nepalese are warm and friendly, and business tends to be conducted with a combination of formality and sincerity. Much time is given to small talk and socialising. Handshakes are fairly common, though one should wait to see if greeted with a hand, or a namaste - a traditional greeting of a small bow accompanied by hands clasped as if in prayer. Visitors should return the greeting. Dress tends to be formal and conservative, with suits and ties the norm. Titles and surnames are usually used; the elderly in particular are treated with great respect and the word 'gi' is added after the name as a polite form. Punctuality is important, although it may take some time to get down to business, and negotiation can be a long process. English is widely spoken and understood, though discussions in Nepali may occur between Nepalese themselves within a meeting. Business hours are usually 9.30am or 10am to 5pm Sunday to Thursday (closing at 4pm in winter). Saturday is a holiday.

Communications:

The country code for Nepal is +977, and the outgoing code is 00, followed by the relevant country code (e.g. 0044 for the UK). City/area codes are in use, e.g. (0)1 for Kathmandu and (0)41 for Pokhara. Two mobile phone operators provide GSM 900 network coverage in the main cities and towns, but this does not extend to the summit of Mount Everest! In the main tourist centres of Kathmandu and Pokhara there are Internet cafes on every corner.

Duty free:

Travellers to Nepal do not have to pay duty on 100 cigarettes or the equivalent in other tobacco products; 1 litre of alcohol; and perfume for personal use. It is illegal to export goods which are over 100 years old.

maps

overview

How to describe KATHMANDU? A medieval time capsule? An environmental disaster area? A pleasure dome? A tourist trap? A holy city? A dump? All of the above. There are a thousand Kathmandus, all layered and dovetailed and piled on top of one another in an extravagant morass of chaos and sophistication. Though its population barely tops 700,000, Nepal's capital is far and away its biggest and most cosmopolitan city: a melting pot of a dozen ethnic groups, and the home town of the Newars, Nepal's master craftsmen and traders extraordinaire. Trade, indeed, created Kathmandu – for at least a thousand years it controlled the most important caravan route between Tibet and India – and trade has always funded its Newar artisans. Little wonder, perhaps, that the city has so deftly embraced the tourist business.

The Kathmandu most travellers experience, Thamel, is like a thumping, Third World theme park, all hotels and hoardings and promises, promises, with croissants and cakes beckoning from restaurant windows and touts flogging tiger balm and hashish to holiday hippies. The old city, though squeezed by traffic and commercial pressures, is still studded with ageless temples and splendid architecture. Its narrow lanes seethe with an incredible crush of humanity, echoing with the din of bicycle bells, religious music, construction and car horns, and reeking of incense, spices, sewage and exhaust fumes. Sacred cows still roam the streets, as do holy men, beggars, street urchins and coolies. To the south, the separate municipality of Patan was once the capital of an independent kingdom; though now subsumed into the greater Kathmandu conurbation, it has its own quieter and better-preserved historic district, marked by numerous Buddhist bahal (monastery compounds, some of them still active), proud artistry, and a laid-back tourism industry.

These quarters represent only a few facets of a complex and eccentric city that also encompasses squatter shantytowns, decrepit ministry buildings, swanky five-star shopping streets, sequestered suburbs and heaving bazaars. Perhaps the predominant images of contemporary Kathmandu are those that pass for progress: hellish traffic jams and pollution; a jostling skyline of rooftop water-storage tanks and obsolete satellite dishes; suburban sprawl, cybercafés, discos and trash heaps; power cuts and backup generators; chauffeured Land Cruisers and families on motorbikes. The city hasn't abandoned its traditional identity, but the rapid pace of change has produced an intense, often overwhelming, urban environment. Anyone visiting Nepal for its natural beauty is likely to be disillusioned by Kathmandu.

Nevertheless, Kathmandu is likely to be your first port of call in Nepal – all overseas flights land in the capital, and most roads lead to it – and you probably won't be able to avoid spending at least a couple of days here. It's the obvious place to sort out your affairs: it has all the embassies and airline offices, Nepal's best-developed communications facilities, and a welter of trekking and travel agencies. At least as important, in the minds of long-haul travellers anyway, are the capital's restaurants and the easy social scene that surrounds them, all of which makes Kathmandu the natural place to get your bearings in Nepal.

All things considered, though, you'd be well advised to get your business here over with as quickly as possible. If you're intending to do any sightseeing around the valley, consider basing yourself in the healthier surroundings of Bhaktapur or Boudha, or even further out in Nagarkot or Dhulikhel. These days, the smart money is on staying outside Kathmandu and making day trips in, not vice versa.

get around

The first thing many visitors may notice about Kathmandu is the general lack of street names (except for major roads such as Tri Devi and Ring Road) and address numbers. In most cases directions are given relative to the nearest chowk or tole (an intersection or square, often with a market) or a noteworthy building such as a temple or restaurant. In the tourist district of Thamel, the Kathmandu Guest House and Hot Breads bakery are two main landmarks.It is possible to get across the city by foot, but it is not always a pleasant walk and you may want to consider a rickshaw for anything more then wandering around a specific area. Rickshaws are motorised or bicycle driven. Negotiate on a price before you get in, if you can't agree, just look for another driver. Prices go up after dark and in less busy areas.There are also buses and taxis for longer trips (get information on getting to Patan and Bakhtapur), and can be used for trips in town. For longer trips and to hire them by the day negotiate with the driver.

culture and history

Pre 20th Century History

The Newars are regarded as the original inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley, but their origins are shrouded in mystery. They speak a Tibeto-Burmese language, but their physical features range from distinctively Mongoloid to Indo-Aryan. It seems most likely that the Kathmandu Valley has long been a cultural and racial melting pot, with people coming from both east and west. This fusion has resulted in the unique Newari culture that is responsible for the valley's superb art and architecture.

The Newari golden age peaked in the 17th century when the valley consisted of small city-states, and Nepal was a vitally important trading link between Tibet and the north Indian plains. The valley's visible history is inextricably entangled with the Malla kings. It was during their reign, particularly in the 1600s and 1700s, that many of the valley's finest temples and palaces were built. Competition between the cities was intense and an architectural innovation in one place would inevitably be copied throughout the valley.

The unification of Nepal in 1768 by Gorkha's King Prithvi Narayan Shah signalled the end of the Kathmandu Valley's fragmentation. Nepali, an Indo-European language spoken by the Khas of western Nepal, replaced Newari as the country's language of administration. In 1816 the Shahs closed the borders of Nepal and kept the country isolated until the mid 20th century. In 1846 a bloody massacre of Kathmandu's 100 most powerful men, held in the very public forum of Durbar Square, ended the Shah dynasty and installed the Ranas.

Modern History

While the Ranas maintained tight controls on Nepal's borders, they weren't averse to a little tourism themselves. The first Rana maharaja set off for Europe with a huge entourage, visiting Queen Victoria and causing quite a stir in stuffy old England. The Ranas were so impressed with European architecture that they began introducing neo-classical buildings into Nepal, including the 1904 Singha Durbar in Kathmandu. The Ranas began dressing like European royalty, and imported all the latest inventions. During this period of royal extravagance, the majority of people in Kathmandu became much poorer and the Hindu caste system became much more rigid - on the other hand, the archaic customs of human sacrifice, slavery and sati (the practice of burning widows on their husband's funeral pyre) were abolished.On 15 January 1934 a huge earthquake struck the Kathmandu Valley, killing 4296 people and destroying many of Kathmandu's temples and palaces. Inspired by the independence movement in India, Nepalis began a political upheaval - an alliance was formed between the ousted Shahs, the army's Gurkha regiments and the dissatisfied poorer extended families of the Rana clan. In November 1950 they revolted. King Tribhuvan, a Shah, was anointed ruler in 1951 and struck up a government comprised of Ranas and members of the newly formed Nepali Congress Party. Power, of course, remained with only one party - the king's. The same year, the first European visitors in more than a century were allowed to enter Nepal, spearheaded by the Swiss explorer Toni Hagen.In 1956, the first motorable road in Nepal was constructed, linking Kathmandu with India. Ten years later another highway opened, and in 1974 international air services began. Foreign aid began pouring in from the 1960s, bringing with it foreign aid workers and new prosperity for the city. Kathmandu's population tripled in 20 years, and the city sprawled as modern houses sprang up to meet the needs of ex-pats and immigrants pouring in from the country. In the 60s, the tourists also started arriving in droves, looking for cheap living and eastern answers to the questions of life, as well as a more permissive attitudes towards drugs and draft dodging than those found in Europe, Australia and America. Freak St became the centre of the action, as the hippies set up a huge market for every type of drug, every hybrid philosophy and any kind of pie you could imagine. Kathmandu was transformed into a tourist mecca, and the jumping-off point for the new trekking industry.More recently, Kathmandu's Shangri-la image has taken a bit of a knock owing to the ongoing wrangles over the status of Nepali democracy. Parliamentary democracy was officially introduced in 1989, after years of uprisings against the self-serving system of panchayat, where politicians were directly appointed by the king. Just over a decade later, Nepali democracy was in crisis and the man who introduced it - King Birendra - was dead, massacred along with most of the royal family by an errant prince. Riots erupted across Kathmandu and even Thamel was placed under curfew.

Recent History

Birendra's successor, King Gyanendra, has succeeded in alienating almost every possible facet of Nepali society, cracking down on students and opposition politicians, repeatedly dissolving parliament and comprehensively failing to resolve the deadly Maoist uprising that has killed tens of thousands of Nepalis since 1996. Pro-democracy rallies and strikes and heavy-handed responses by the police and army are now commonplace and Kathmandu is frequently cut off entirely from the rest of the country by Maoist blockades. At times, most of Nepal has been under Maoist control apart from the Kathmandu Valley. With Republican feeling growing and conflict erupting on the streets of Kathmandu, the country is in a state of turmoil; travellers should monitor the situation carefully.

Nepal Air links & Air ticketing

International Air Links with Kathmandu: Tribhuvan International Airport at Kathmandu is the only International Airport in Nepal. It is 10 Km from Kathmandu city center. International Air links of Kathmandu is as follows: India: Delhi, Banglore, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Varanashi; China: Lhasa, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai; Asia: Osaka, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Paro, Hong Kong, Karachi, Dhaka, Doha, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai; Europe: Amsterdam, Munich, and Vienna.Major Airlines: Nepal Air Lines, Indian Airlines, Qatar Airlines, Thai Airlines, Gulf Air, Air Sahara, Jet Airways, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Martin Air, Air China, China South Western Airlines, etc.



Domestic Air Links:

The regions in mountains and high Himalayas are not well connected with roads and highways. People have to walk several days and carry the goods by animals. However the remotest part of the country has an extensive network of Air Links. There are several Airports in the country with Short Take off and Landing facilities. The cost of domestic air-tickets is subsidized by the Govt. of Nepal and hence tariff is much less for Nepali Citizen and Indian nationals. But tariff for Nepali national is not applicable to Indian nationals in some air routes.



Domestic Air Service:

The Royal Nepal Airlines and other domestic airlines operate an extensive network of air service in the interior parts of Nepal. Other major domestic airlines are, Yeti Airways, Buddha Air, Gorakha Airlines, Sita Airlines, and Shangri-La Air.



Air Ticketing: We reserve and issue tickets of Mountain flight, Domestic flight, and International flight from various airlines

Nepal Safari :Chitwan National Park

The Chitwan National Park (932 sq. km.) 200 Km south west of Kathmandu is most most popular Wild Life Safari Park in Nepal. Wild Life in the National Park: Chitwan National Park is the largest habitat for one horned Rhinos, and is also second largest habitat for Royal Bengal Tigers in Nepal. Other wild animals are: wild elephants, four species of Deer, Sloth bear, Gaur (bovine), wild Boar, Striped Hyena, Jackals, Crocodiles (Ghariyal and Magars), Leopards, Langoor (monkey), and many more. Endangered Birds like giant Hornbill, Bengal florican, black Stork, white Stork, etc. are among 450 species of birds found in the park. Village Sauraha and Eco-tourism: Village Sauraha is an old settlement of ethnic Tharu people. The village Sauraha is in buffer zone jungle of Chitwan National Park. The Chitwan National Park is best known for Conservation of wild life and Eco-tourism in the world. Where as Sauraha is a best example of a jungle village, adjacent to the park, where Men and wild animals support each other for their living.Rapti river beach: The beach of River Rapti is a very popular spot in Sauraha. You can enjoy the best sunset view in a hot evening with a chilled beer.Safari in the Park:Elephant ride: You climb on an Elephant back, ride into the grassland which is as tall as an elephant and virgin forest of the Park to see Rhinos, tigers, and other wild animals.Safari activities: Elephant ride, Jungle walks, Bird watching, Canoeing in a dug-out canoe, Visit to Elephant breeding center, etc.Cultural activities: Tours in and around Tharu village and cultural programs performed by the ethnic Tharu communities. The Cultural variety includes famous stick dance and dance with guests.Additional activities: Jungle drive by Jeep (seasonal), Devghat tour, and visit to the exotic Bis Hazari Taal (Twenty Thousand Lakes).Itinerary: Safari at Chitwan National Park 2 night/3 days Day 01Lunch upon arrival; Village Tour and Sunset view from beach Rapti river; DinnerDay 02Jungle walk after early morning Tea/Coffee. After breakfast: Canoeing and Trip to Elephant breeding center; After lunch, Elephant ride Evening: Cultural program and Dinner around the camp firing.Day 03Bird Watching (or extra elephant ride at extra cost) after early morning tea/coffee.8.00 AM: Breakfast 9.00 AM: drive to next destinationExtra dayJeep drive to Kasara; Gharial Hatchery Farm; visit to Bis Hazari Lake (wetland).How to go there? By Air: Daily flights from Kathmandu to Bharatpur Airport duration about 25 minute; US$ 73.00 per person and hotel transfer from the Bharatpur airport costs US$ 12.00 per jeep. By Private vehicle: 4 Hours drive and you can enjoy en-route Cable Car ride to Mankamana Temple; from US$ 24.00 per person for a group of three; from Kathmandu or Pokhara. By Tourist bus: 5-6 hours cost US$ 6.00 to 12.00 per person; from Kathmandu or Pokhara By white water river rafting: You can make journey to Chitwan National Park more adventurous by white water river rafting. You can enjoy river rafting in Trishuli river (grade 2-3). The rafting trip in river Trishuli can be a trip of 1 to 3 days from Kathmandu. Or you can enjoy 2 days river rafting in Sheti river (grade 2-3) if you are going from Pokhara. Costs: from US$ 25.00 per person per day.

Kathmandu Travel Guide

Why? A holiday in Kathmandu is now easy to arrange, but this fabled city was once one of the world's most inaccessible destinations. Travel to Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, to start expeditions into the rest of the country and to experience this beautifully sited city with its traditional old city and fascinating Bhuddist and Hindu culture.When? The best months to visit Kathmandu for a holiday are October/November and March/April, when the weather is warm and largely sunny, and the air is crisp and clear. Winters (November to February) are exceedingly cold, while early summer (May and June) is swelteringly hot and humid. Monsoon rains drench the city between June and September.

Who for? A holiday in Kathmandu attracts mainly independent travellers intent on undertaking adventure trips in Nepal like trekking, rafting and mountain climbing. The city has a range of accommodation for all budgets, and plenty of restaurants in its Thamel tourist district, and is thus able to cater for all sorts of modern travellers.More Info: A host of useful background information and details of attractions of excursions required for a holiday in Kathmandu is contained in our comprehensive Kathmandu travel guide, which can be printed out or emailed. The guide also gives the run down on essential facts for travel to Kathmandu, like entry requirements, foreign exchange, safety and health.

Kathmandu Overview

Presided over by snow-covered mountains, the Kathmandu Valley is surrounded by verdant agricultural hills scattered with traditional villages and brick houses, rich in ancient holy temples and shrines used by both Buddhists and Hindu worshippers reflecting a great wealth of culture and tradition. Most of the country's ethnic groups are represented in the Valley, particularly in Kathmandu itself, but it is the Newars who are the original inhabitants responsible for development and the splendid art and architecture in the cities.

The Valley is the cultural, political and commercial centre of Nepal and encompasses three cities: Kathmandu the capital; Patan, which has been enveloped by the growing Kathmandu outskirts; and the medieval city of Bhaktapur. For the unprepared visitor, the capital city of Kathmandu can trigger a sensory overload - it is a heaving city of both intriguing and unpleasant smells, incessant noise and pollution, and sights that etch themselves on the memory. Cows wander the streets of the old city, stepping between steaming piles of rubbish and hooting taxis, and narrow alleyways overflow with spices, vegetables and handicraft shops. Throngs of people thread their way along bustling cobblestone streets lined with structures from an ancient architectural heritage, which lead onto open squares surrounded by temples of all shapes and sizes. The largest city in Nepal and the nation's historical centre, Kathmandu throws together a blend of the country's varied population and boasts a distinctive, age-old religious influence visible in the daily life of its inhabitants.

Fascinating as this city is however, many people choose to stay outside Kathmandu in one of the Valley towns or mountain resorts and restrict their visit to day trips; or they base themselves in the tourist-orientated Thamel district of the city that offers modern bakeries, smart hotels and upmarket restaurants, along with pushy handicraft and cannabis sellers.

Changunarayan

Cultural Heritage and Changunarayan Hill : UNECSO defines cultural heritage as the entire spirit of people in terms of values, action, works, institutions, monuments and sites. A designated cultural heritage site provides a reference to understand people’s value system. The cultural heritages also contribute to establishing and maintaining peace among people of various cultural backgrounds. As such, the value of such heritage is not limited to a single nation or people; it must be viewed as the global property. Recognizing the enormous cultural and architectural value of various structures in the Changunarayan Hill, UNESCO listed the hill and other structures, including Changunarayan temple, in the hill as a World Heritage Site in 1979. Located at an altitude of 1541 meters, on the western hillock of the Dolagiri ridge, one can get a magnificent view of Kathmandu valley from the temple area. At the foot of the 108 steps that lead down from the main gate of the temple lies the Shankha Daha. This temple is constructed in several concentric squares, with the innermost square containing the statue of a god. For the Hindus, the god inside the temple is Narayan and for the Buddhists it is Avalokiteshvara. So, this temple is a symbol of religious harmony.
The temple dates back to 325 A.D. King Haridutta Varma built the shrine along with the temple of Goddess Chhinnamasta Adidevi. Lichhavi King Manadeva erected a stone pillar, dated 464 A.D., with inscription written on it which is the base for considering Changunarayan temple as the oldest specimen of pagoda architecture in Kathmandu Valley. The present form of the outer visible superstructure of the temple was rebuilt in 1702 AD.
The temple site with its close surroundings has been declared as a protected Monument Zone by the government of Nepal under the provision of the Ancient Monument Preservation Act 1956. The preservation of this site from various types of disaster is a concern of all of us. The leaky roof of the temple was repaired recently, but the hill on which the temple stands is cracking, causing damage to temple and surrounding structures. The indications of increased landslide hazard in the Changunarayan hill are getting prominent. If these early warning signs are ignored for too long and timely precaution and preventative measures are not taken, then it can be too late to save the World Heritage Site.
Warning Signs in and around Temple Premises
The Changunarayan temple is a masonry structure. The outer brick wall of the temple showed signs of twisting and tilting. The wall tilting is one of the early indicators of possible beginning of landslides. Various other parts of the temple also exhibit tilting. The wall of the temple is coming apart
The Changunarayan hill is one of the few sites in Nepal listed under the World Cultural Heritage Site.
The hill houses the most ancient temple of Kathmandu Valley. There are numerous land cracks at various locations around the hill and structural cracks in the temple itself, providing early warnings of an impending landslide that can have catastrophic and irreversible effect on this site. No one seems to be listening to the early warnings and no agency seems to be responsible for the protection of the hill. Sand mining is accelerating at the base of Changunarayan hill and at Manohara River. The old ways of flood irrigation in agricultural fields is continuing. Trees are falling and new constructions are going on in the hill without paying any heed to the warning signs. It is time to listen, learn and act accordingly.
Bricks in the upper floor of the temple have separated from each other at the mortar joints. The wooden frames of some of the doors of Changunarayan temple have tilted, indicating possible beginning of landslide. The base of at least one main door frame has been lifted in one side. Some wooden frames have protruded from its base. If no preventative actions are taken in time, the damages will progress further.
The bulging of stone steps, which is the main access to the temple from the west side, is a clear indication of soil movement in the Changunarayan hill. The land bulging has collapsed part of the walls on the sides of the stone steps and displaced the stone slabs. The land bulging is a clear sign of weakening of hill, in terms of its slope stability. Structural cracks can be seen on the pilgrim rest houses, other buildings around the temple, and stone pavements, which are other signs of initiation of landslide in Changunarayan hill. Pavement cracks result when the soil underneath the pavement begins to subside.
Warning Signs in Changunarayan Hill
The weakening of the Changunarayan hill is exhibited by various small and medium sized landslides, tension cracks in soil, ditch formations etc. at various locations of the hills. Most of the evidences were noted around places where some type of construction, such as surface drain, water supply pipe line or foot-path have been made or around the part of the hill with human settlement.
There are some ancient structures about 50 meters above the top of this landslide site. This landslide occurred probably almost a decade ago. No protective measures have yet been taken for this landslide site. The pine trees seen in the eastern side of the landslide were planted recently. With passing of every monsoon season the size of this landslide is gradually getting bigger.
The evidences of land subsidence (tension cracks) can be found at various locations in Changunarayan hill. There is one such location at the south-west part of the hill. These tension cracks in the land are some of the clear evidences of impending catastrophic event in Changunarayan hill.
Possible Reason for cracks in the hill and temple
The causes of the early warnings of landslide potential at Changunarayan hills can be many. Only a detailed study will pin point the exact causes. However, some of the possible reasons are apparent. There are various settlements and agricultural fields on top of relict landslides in Changunarayan hill. Various developmental activities are carried out around human settlement without understanding the geology of the area, which weakens the hill. High water demanding agricultural activities also makes the hill sides more vulnerable as water seeps down and creates a favorable condition for landslides.
In Changunarayan hill, the tree density has severely reduced during the past decade with consequent erosion of the slopes. Much of the forests have disappeared and hillside erosion is evident. The rate of sand mining from the bases of the hills and from the river that runs through the base of the hill is accelerating. Under the Local Self Governance Act-1998, the local authority (Village Development Committee) has issued licenses to contractors for sand mining from the bases of Changunarayan hill to enhance revenue collection. The river sides are also cut to increase sand yield. Illegal sand mining is also going on at rapid rate from Manohara River.
The river bed of Manohara River has declined causing collapses of river banks. A bridge over Manohara River at Sano Thimi has collapsed and a new bridge was recently constructed. This action of sand mining is exacerbating the fragile slope stability problem of the hill. New constructions in the Changunarayan hill is going on with very little regard for the effects on slope stability measures and on cultural integrity of the World Heritage site itself. In fact, UNESCO has recently warned Nepal to take out Kathmandu Valley from the list of World Heritage site if new constructions incompatible with UNESCO criteria around the heritage sites are not stopped. Natural causes such as weak geological formation and intense rainfall can also make a hill more prone to landslide. As per the geological map prepared by Department of Mining and Geology, Changunarayan hill consists of relatively strong formation in the upper and eastern part of the hill. The lower part of the hill in the north, west and south is composed of loose unconsolidated alluvial deposits consisting mostly of sandy silt and sandy clay.
Layers of sand, silt and clay can be seen in differing succession and composition. The relatively weak and erosion prone formation at the base of the hill indicates the sensitivity of the hill towards activities that may initiate soil erosion. Changunarayan hill experiences occasional intense rainfall in the monsoon season. The high intensity rainfall dislodges soil particles and creates ditches. The ditches turn into gullies which transport more soil particles downhill. This process eventually leads to landslide event.
Kathmandu Valley is situated in an earthquake prone area. The earthquake events loosen contact between soil particles and reduce soil strength which can trigger landslides. The silty sand, as found at the bottom of Changunarayan hill, normally tends to have high conductivity value which facilitates rapid infiltration of rain water. The infiltrated water raises water table elevation and pore water pressure. The rise in pore water pressure can cause landslide by reducing soil shear resistance.

Dharara : twin tower of kathmandu

The British had already invaded India when Prithivi Narayan Shah finally conquered Kathmandu Valley in 1768. With the reign of the Shah dynasty, Nepal entered an era where establishing and protecting an identity became important as its boundaries expanded rapidly—from Teesta river in the east to Sutlej in the west. Shah and his protégées, Bahadur Shah, Rana Bahadur Shah, Amar Singh Thapa, Bhimsen Thapa and others managed to save the lap of the Himalaya and the people from being ruled by the British but compromises had to be made.

War is a costly affair and conquering small kingdoms to fight against British forces took its toll. The state treasury was spent on the army. Even in such times, the powerful had money enough to commission the most extravagant architectural structures in Kathmandu. The first Dharahara built by Bhimsen Thapa at the height of his power in 1824 AD was such an example. This tower was not the one we see today in Sundhara.

Bhimsen Thapa, the first prime minister of modern-day Nepal, was the son of Kaji Amar Singh Thapa. Born in 1775 AD, Bhimsen devoted his life to Nepal albeit not without shrewd politics that brought his kith and kin to power. In 1824 AD, prime minister, commander-in-chief of the army, and the then most powerful personality of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa commissioned an 11-storey tower to be built in front of his palace Baag Durbar, near Sundhara. The 'Baag' here was derived from the Urdu word for garden. The tower was built entirely of bricks and was the tallest structure in Kathmandu. It was used to sound the bugle to the soldiers living in the barracks around the prime minister's palace. Though historians speculate the exact purpose of the tower, many believe that it could have been built to exaggerate the might of the Nepali army for the benefit of British observers.

A year later, Queen Lalit Tripura Sundari, daughter of Bhimsen Thapa's brother Kaji Nayan Singh Thapa, ordered a similar structure to be built alongside the first tower. Queen Lalit reigned as regent to Rajendra Bikram Shah. The second tower was nine stories high. However, both towers would not last long.

In the earthquake of 1833, Bhimsen's tower was severely damaged but still managed to survive. However a hundred years later in 1933 AD, another devastating quake brought both the towers down. While Bhimsen's tower was completely obliterated, two storeys of the second tower remained. This was renovated by the Rana prime minister Juddha Shumsher in 1934, which is the structure we know today as Dharahara. Sadly, the site where Bhimsen's tower stood is now a parking lot.

Dharara is open to the public from 8AM to 8PM for Rs 299 (tourists) and Rs 49 (Nepalis).

Swoyambu

Swoyambu: Historical PictorialThe word 'Swoyambu' means, 'Self - Created. How this meaning applies to the Swoyambu stupa should be clear after reading this text. Living in Nepal for three years and the better part of that time occupying a room near the stupa itself, I came to hear every imaginable explanation of the stupas significance from Nepali guides to foreign tourists. Often, I heard the local priests laugh at these often wrong interpretations. One day a recently completed english summary of an old and respected text, "The Shree Swoyambu Mahachaitya' by Hemaraj Shakya, written in Newari, came my way quite unexpectedly. It is this that is here presented to those interested in knowing what the 'Swoyambu Stupa', is. The, one hundred and thirty one photos in this book, should be of interest, not only to the curious visitor, but also, as they represent what is significant in Nepal's Mahayana Buddhism, a valuable text for Buddhist adepts and scholars. I have tried to show in these photos all the varieties of chaityas and images to be found on 'Swoyambu's twin peaked hillock.The work done of organizing, and accurately summarizing this difficult text, (Shree Swoyambhu Mahachaitya) could only have been done by a scholar - priest. My thanks to Mr. Nunche B. Bajracharya who systematized and eloquently stated the material. That he has a thorough understanding of the subject matter will be evident to every reader. Mr. Collins Painter has headed english departments and teacher training pogramess throughout the world. For many years he has also been a serious student of Buddhist dharma. The contribution he has made to make this a polished presentation will be evident to the reader.

Chapagaoun

This is a very old Newar Village in southern Patan. The main attraction of this village is the Bajra Barahi Shrine. Barahi is the name of one of the Mother Goddesses Ajima. It lies in the center of a thick grove, three hundreds meter from the center of the village. The temple was built 500 years ago.

Bungmati and Khokana:

About 6km. South of Patan lies the two medieval village of Bungmati and Khokana. To reach these villages one has to follow the straight road from the Tibetan refugee Camp on Jawalakhel. About 5000 people live in Bungmati and 3000 inhabitants in Khonkana. Most of the people are Newars. From Khokana, Bungmati is 15 minutes walk. In these villages on can see typical Newari houses. Also these villages are popular for chilly and mustard oil. The best time to visit Bungmati and Khokana is in October and November because at that time the whole village looks colorful. They hand red chilly garland from the top floor to the ground floor in the whole village. Most of the farmers in these villages are either involved in spinning or oil pressing business. The mustard oil of Khokana is still popular in Kathmandu valley

Kirtipur

The Kirtipur situated on the top of hillock 6 km southwest of Kathmandu. The ancient township is a natural fortress and has a proud and courageous history. It was founded by Shiva Deva between 1099 and 1126. It was apart of kingdom of Patan after the division of Kathmandu valley in 1482. Historically, this city is famous for its resistance against the invasion of Gorkhas. The King of Gorkha, Prithivi Narayan Shah attacked there time to conquer this city. The city is historically and artistically important. There are many small and big temples and stupas scattered around the city. The Chilamchu Stupa and the temple of Bagh Bhairav are major sights here. Kirtipur offers quaint streets lined with artistic houses and temple squares. The people are known for their skill in building and weaving.

Sankhu + Bajra Yogini

Sanku is a very old Newar city and lies 23 km from Kathmandu. It derives its name from Sankhapura, which means Conch City. It lies on the famous route to Tibet. The traders used this route from 7th to 9th centuries AD. This legendary city is worth a visit, because of its old houses, beautiful wood- carved temples and old stone water taps. The famous temple of Goddess Ugratara Bajrayogini is situated at a 45 minute walking distance from here.
The Goddess Bajrayogini is the Hindu – Buddhist parallel manifestation of Goddess Kali. The temple complex is supposed to be as old as Changunarayan (467 AD). It is mentioned in Gopal Vamsabali, a research manuscript, which states Manadev, performed penance at this place. The present three- tier structure or the temple is the contribution of King Pratap Malla.

Budhanilkantha

a remarkable statue of Lord Vishnu, reclining on a bed of coiled snakes. The statue said to be sculpted from a single block stone, is set in the middle of a small pond and appears to be floating in the water. The stone image is said to be one of three statues sculpted during the Lichhavi period and called Budhanilkantha named after the huge image of Lord Vishnu. The five meter long statue called Bhuijassi by the local Newaris of the Liccchivi – age settlement at the base of Shivapuri hills is also known as Budhanilkanta. The village, now also known as Budhanilkantha, used to be called Thaturi Drung’ during ancient times.

The most striking feature of the monument is its crown, which is always covered with either plain cloth, usually hidden under an accumulation of flowers. The priests in charge never allow a view of, nor uncover, the crown saying that it is against tradition. No photographs, pictures or first hand account of the features above the forehead is available. However, many cultural experts believe that there is a small image of Lord Buddha on the Vishnu’s crown.
Though the exact date of the construction of the image is unknown, the image is at least 1300 years old. An inscription of 641 AD erected by Vishnugupta is found in the area but no mention is made of the installation of the image.

The smooth black stone statue of Lord Vishnu with half closed eyes, sleek nose, and a smiling face is in a relaxed mood, and has his legs crossed at the ankles. He carries a discus, a mace, a conch and a lotus seed in each of his four hands, He wears heavy ornaments and a transparent dhoti is the only garment he wears, around a feminine waist with strong thighs and knees.
The four pillars standing at four corners of the image suggest that a roof might have covered the image. Perhaps, as the priests believe, the roof was destroyed as per God’s will and humans were not brave enough to go against God’s whishes.

There are stone images of Narayan, Ganesh, Surya, Ganga, Jamuna, Barah, Druga, Laxmi Narrayan and others in the pond area and idols of Hanuman, Laxminarayan, Ganesh, Bhimsen, Saraswati and Shivalinga as well as some bells encircles the holy pond

Legend has that King Suryaketu had it constructed during his reign but it lay buried for many centuries after an earthquake. Late, King Dharmagat saw the image and the location of the Budhanikantha in a dream and he excavated the ground. The people believe that the excavation caused the unparalleled image small damage on its nose. Others believe it was a farmer who discovered the image while working on his field.

Another interesting aspect related with the Vishnu idol at Budhanilkantha is that the king of Nepal is not supposed to view the statue, as it has been prophesized that death will occur if he does so. It is said that Lord Vishnu forbade the kings from visiting him because King Pratap Malla constructed a replica of the Budhanilkanntha against God’s will.

Symbolically, the Vishnu is seen as Naryana a float in the unfathomable cosmic ocean. Such imagers of Vishnu lying on a pond on the coiled snake Ananta with 1 head, is a popular image in the kathmandu valley. It is specifically called Jalasyana Narayan. It is believed that the destruction of the universe comes at regular intervals and he sleeps during such a period. Apart from that, he also slumbers for four months a year and wake up in summer. His waking p day is celebrated with much ceremony and believers and pilgrims gather n great masses at Budhanilkantha.

During auspicious days like the eleventh day of the lunar month the priests bathe, clean, perfume, fan the deity and decorate it with ornaments. They also keep a piece of cloth on his forehead to save the deity from the stark sunlight that comes over his face.

Bouddhanath Stupa

This Colossal stupa the biggest in Nepal is situated about 7km. East of the capital. The Bouddhhnath stupa is also known as Khasti Chitya and is considered as one of the oldest stupas in the country.After 1959, many Tibetans came and have settled in Bouddhanath area.

With a diameter of about 100m and a height of 40m, Bouddhanath is among the largest stupas in the world. The Bouddhanath stupa covers a vast area that has a circumbulatory path at the bottom and another path made of three-tier plinth. The stupa looks similar to Swayambhunath but many features in this stupa are pinnacles as well as 108 Buddhist Gods and Goddesses. The most attractive part of the Stupa is the all seeing eyes of the Buddha painted with red, white and blue.

It is believed that King Manadeva built the Bouddhanath stupa during the Lichavi period. It has been renovated time and again and the present form of stupa was renovated in the 17th century.

The most popular festival celebrated here is the Tibetan New Year festival Lhosar that falls in February. The festival starts with prayers and worship. Thousands, of Tibetans dress Traditionally and dance after lighting incense to Buddha. Lots of Tibetan comes from Laddakh, Sikkim, Bhutan as well as other parts of the hills to celebrate this festival.

In Bouddhanath, there are many monasteries or Gompas. They are all beautifully decorated and colorfully painted. One can visit the monasteries and take photographs. It is advisable to give small donation when one takes photographs.

Kathmandu Durbar Square

Kathmandu Durbar Square is one of the major attractions in Kathmandu Valley. The word Durbar Square translated in English as Palace Complex. The Durbar Square, with its old temples and palaces, epitomizes the religious and cultural life of the people.

Interesting things to see here are:-

Kumari (The Living Goddess) Gar:

At the West end of the square, is a beautiful house full of woodcarving of different God and Goddesses. This Palace is three storied and in this palace, lives the very famous living Goddess Kumari. Both Hindus and Buddhists equally venerate her. For Hindus she is the reincarnation of Hindu Goddess Kali. She is equally worshiped by Buddhists because she is chosen from Buddhist family. This shows the harmony between Buddhist and Hindus in Nepal.

Kastha Mandap:

One of the popular temples of Kathmandu Durbar Square is Kashamandap locally knows as Maru Sattal. It is believed that the name of Kathmandu City is derived from the name of this temple. Kastha means wood and Mandap means pavilion. And it is said that this temple is built by one single Sal (sorea robusta) tree. At the center of this temple, one can see the statue of a Hindu God Gorakhnath and in the four corners of the temple one can see Ganesh Statues.

Maru Ganesh:

Small yet the most visited temple of Kathmandu is Maru Ganesh. The people of Kathmandu valley believe that the four Ganesh in four corners of Kathmandu valley protect the peoples living in Kathmandu. Every day people go to worship this temple and especially on Tuesdays one can see a long queue of people waiting for hours to worship. Tuesday is considered the day of Ganesh.

Other interesting things to see here are Mahadev Temple, Shiva Parvati Temple, Bhagwati Temple, Old palace, Saraswoti temple, Krishna Octangular Temple, Big drums, Kal Bhairav, Jagannath Temple, and Taleju Temple etc..

Bhaktapur Durbar Square

Bhaktapur Durbar Square is a conglomeration of pagoda and shikhara – style temples grouped around a fifty-five-window palace of brick and wood. The square is one of the most charming valley as it highlights the ancient of the kings perched on top of stone monoliths, the guardian deities looking out from their sanctuaries, the wood carvings in very place – struts, lintels, tympanums, gateways and windows – all seem to form a well orchestrated symphony.

The main items of interest in the Durbar Square are:-

The Lion Gate:

Dating as far back as AD 1696 this gate is guarded on either side by huge statues of lions. Alongside, there are two stone images of (the dreadful aspect of Shiva) and Ugrachandi (the consort of the Shiva in her fearful manifestation).

The Golden Gate:

The Golden Gate is said to be the most beautiful and richly moulded specimen of its kind in the entire world. The door is surmounted by a figure of the goddess Kali and Garuda (the mythical man – bird) and attended by two heavenly nymphs. It is embellished with mythical creatures of marvelous intricacy. In the words of Percy Brown, and eminent English are critic and historian, the Golden Gate is the most lovely pieces of are in the whole Kingdom; it is places like a jewel, flashing innumerable facets in the handsome setting of its erected by King Ranjit Mala and is the entrance of the main courtyard of the palaces of Fifty – five windows.

The Palace Of fifty – five Windows:

This magnificent palace was built during the reign of King Yakshay Malla in AD 1427 and was subsequently remodeled by King Bhupatindra Malla in the seventeenth century. Among the brick walls with their gracious setting and sculptural design, is a balcony with fifty-five Windows, considered a unique masterpiece of woodcarving.

The Art Gallery:

The Art Gallery contains ancient paintings belonging to the Hindu and Buddhist traditions of various periods and descriptions. This gallery is open everyday except Tuesday.

The Statue of King Bhupatindra Malla:

This statue shows king Bhupatindra Malla in the act of worship is set on a column facing the palace. This is considered the most magnificent statue amongh the many statues in the squares.

Patan Durbar Square

Patan is probably one of the oldest Buddhist City in the world. It is believed that the city was founded in the 3rd century A.D. Patan is situated on a plateau across Bagmati River. Another name of Patan, is Lalitpur. This city is known for its finest traditional crafts and rich artistic heritage.
Patan is designed and built after Buddhist Dharma Chakra. It is surrounded by 4Stupas as 4 corners of Patan, one at each corner of its cardinal points. These stupas are said to have been built by the famous Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. It is also said that the ancient city got its name Lalitpattan after the Lalitadhara forest was cleared by king Biradava. It must be remembered that the name of Patan used by Newars in Yala. It is said that King Yalamber named this city after himself. Before Malla Dynasty ascended the throne in 1480 the Muslim Emperor Sam Suddin Iliyas destroyed the temples and monuments of Patan. When King Siddhi Nar Singh Malla ascended the throne in 1618, he started to rebuild the city and Shrinivas and Yog Narendra Malla made further contributions to it. These days one can see the beautiful palace complex and squares built during the Malla period.

Things to see here are:

Krishna Temple:

The Krishna Mandir is dedicated to lord Krishna and was build by Siddhi Narsingha Malla in 1637. Many writers have considered this temple as and ornament of Patan. This temple was built in Shikhara style, which is considered to be of Indian influence in Nepal. The temple is three storied and important scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics have been carved inside the temple. The statue of Krishna lies in the first floor and only Hindus are allowed to go in. It is one of the most visited temples in Patan. On the occasion of Krishna Janmasthanmi (Lord Krishna’s Birthday), thousands of devotees come to the temple. The other importance of this temple is a statue of Garuda)(the vehicle of Krishna or Vishnu) in front of the temple.

Golden Temple:

The Golden Temple or Hiranya Varna Mahavihar is the richest temple in Patan. The temple is just tow minutes walk towards, the north f the Durbar Square. The temple, built in the 12th Century, is popular among the Buddhists of Patan. At the main entrance tow lions are guarding the temple. The building has three roofs with copper golden facades. Inside the temple, there are images of Buddha and Boddisattvas. IN the courtyard, there is a small temple with beautifully decorated pinnacle.
Other interesting things to see here are Mulchowk, Jagat Narayan Temple, Big Bell, Pillar of Yognarendra Malla, Hari Shanker temple, Vishwanath temple, Bhimsen temple, Marga Hiti, and Mani Mandap, Café Pagoda, Kumbheswor Temple, Rato Machhendra Temple, Minnath, Rudra Varna Mahavihar and so on.

Pashupatinath Temple

Pashupatinath is one of the holiest pilgrimage destinations for all the Hindus of the world. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the trinity and the guardian (patron) deity of Nepal. This is one of the oldest temples, situated on the banks of the Holy Bagmati River. It is double – roofed golden temple with four triple silver doorways. Pashupatinath covers and area of 281 hectares, which is one of the biggest temple complexes in Nepal.
Pashupati is one of the many names of Lord Shiva, which means "Lord of Animals” or “Lord of the living beings”. Everyday thousands of Hindus go to the temple. It is situated 7km. From the old city of Kathmandu. The date of construction of this temple is unknown. However, it is believed to be built by the Licchavi King Supuspadeva in the 6th Century. It was renovated by King Jyoti Malla in 1416 A.D. King Bhupatindra Malla reconstructed it in 1697. All the Shah kings have splendor. Non – Hindus are not allowed inside the main temple. They can have a good view of the temple complex from the other side of the Basmati River. There are many Ghats on the bank of River Bagmati, which are rectangular or round ones for ritual bat. There are many small houses behind the Ghats; there are dying near the complex is almost a guarantee for betterment in the next life. After the death ritual of cremation is started immediately, all the ritual can be observed from the other side of the river.
People other than family members are requested not to go very near and disturb the cremation activity. Photos from far are possible

Pashupati is one of the four most important religious sites in Asia for Shiva devotees. The Pashupatinath Temple is the largest Hindu temple and is considered to be the holiest of all Hindu Temples. This is a two-tiered golden temple with four silver doorways, hundreds of Shiva linga's shrines and holy symbols. It is located on the holy river Bagmati, 6 km east of Kathmandu . Non- Hindus are not allowed into this temple. It is believed that this temple was built long before the Christian era begin. The Pashupati Temple was built in the fifth century and later renovated by Malla kings, Its original beauty still remains with the beautifully sculpted stone sculptures found here. Thousands of Hindus come each year on Shivaratri.